Black chickens are popular breeds for backyard flocks and they are downright perfect for spooky season, but they can come with a significant hit to your pocketbook.

Key Takeaways

• Black chickens get their unusual coloration from fibromelanosis, a genetic trait that causes excess melanin in the skin and other tissues.
• The Ayam Cemani from Indonesia and the Swedish Black Hen are rare black chicken breeds that can cost significantly more than common backyard chickens.
• Black chickens vary in size, egg production and hardiness. Ayam Cemani hens lay cream-colored eggs, while Swedish Black Hens are cold-hardy and lay about 140 eggs per year.
• Buyers interested in rare black chickens should research breeders carefully and request documentation verifying the birds’ origins.

What Makes Black Chickens Black?

Fibromelanosis is the technical term for what causes a black chicken to be black. It is a genetic mutation that causes hyperpigmentation, an abnormal accumulation of melanin. This produces a bird with fibromelanistic traits — all black tissues, from feather to bone.

Rare Black Chickens

This trait is causing big interest among chicken keepers—or a big-money interest, anyway. Those fuzzy-looking Black Silkie bantams are common to the U.S., but two other breeds exhibiting fibromelanosis are quite rare. The Ayam Cemani, hailing from Indonesia, and the Swedish Black Hen, from Scandinavia.

Both breeds have been imported by rare-chicken breeder Greenfire Farms in Midway, Florida. Owner Paul Bradshaw, who has been working with rare breeds since 2007, is attracted to these chickens because of their “un-chicken-like, exotically beautiful and vaguely sinister appearance.” He continues: “In a world of beige Ford Fiestas, the Cemani are black Lamborghinis.”

They’re priced like Lamborghinis, too. Prices started out in the thousands when they were first introduced. Today, more breeders are carrying them, so the prices have come down, but are still much higher than purchasing a less trendy breed.

While an egg is an egg, what about the meat from these birds? Ewe Crazy Farms owner Bryce Everett says, “I do have several friends who have tasted the meat and describe it as having a slightly gamier flavor compared to regular chicken. Most compare the taste to game birds, such as dove, quail or pheasant.”

Ayam Cemani

The Ayam Cemani—which means “completely black chicken” in Javanese and Indonesian—is from Indonesia. The USDA has banned the import of chickens from Indonesia, but Bradshaw was able to get his Ayam Cemani from a breeder in the Netherlands. According to Cemani Farms, a breeder in Indonesia, Ayam Cemani are renowned as having mystical powers in their native country.

Like many Asian chicken breeds, such as the Aseel and the Malay, the Ayam Cemani has a game-fowl-like appearance. Its feathers are black with a metallic-green and -purple sheen, and the black coloration continues to the skin, muscles, bones and organs. The average weight is only 2¼ to 4 pounds.

Hens lay about 60 eggs per year. They go through a laying cycle of 20 to 30 large, cream-colored eggs, and then they stop laying for three to six months.

Swedish Black Hen

Called Svart Höna in Swedish, Swedish Black Hens are super rare. According to the Greenfire Farms website, a national poultry census confirmed fewer than 500 Swedish Black Hens in Sweden. Developed in a Nordic climate, Swedish Black Hens are cold-hardy and do well free-ranging.

“The Swedish Blacks (or Svart Höna) actually were not originally in my line of sight during the first [rare-chicken] import,” says Everett, who has been working with rare poultry since 2012. “My main concern was importing various colorations of English Orpingtons, and my contact providing the Orpingtons happened to also raise Svart Höna. One step led to another, and I eventually imported both eggs and adult Svart Höna from England after seeing photos of the stock. I was really lucky to find a breeder who was willing to export stock despite these birds being extremely rare, even in Europe.”

Swedish Black Hens have the same fibromelanosis trait that makes their feathers, skin, muscles and bone black, though some individuals have mulberry-red skin. The birds weigh only 5 to 7½ pounds, and hens lay 140 cream-colored eggs per year.

Making the Investment in Black Chickens

The price tag on popular black chicken breeds can scare farmers away as most are looking at a cost-effective way to deliver eggs and meat for their families and customers.

“Like most pursuits, the more sophisticated and knowledgeable you become about your interest, the greater lengths you must go to in order to satisfy it,” Bradshaw says. His typical customer is a sophisticated chicken fancier who is drawn to the black chickens’ exotic look.

Everett only sells Swedish Black Hens that are high-quality representations of the breed to others who are interested in breeding the chickens.

“I’ve been amazed at the number of people who have stepped forward and offered assistance in preserving rare breeds by breeding and showing,” he says. “As more people get involved, the rare breeds have a chance to become established in the U.S., which helps move these birds off the ‘endangered’ breed list.”

A word of caution before spending a few thousand dollars on a starter flock: Breeders might claim to be selling a certain rare breed, but you should do your research and verify the integrity of the breeder. “The single most important piece of evidence to support their claims would be a valid USDA import permit showing the origin of their breeding stock,” Bradshaw says. “Buyers should always ask for a copy of this permit.”

Frequently Asked Questions About Black Chickens

What makes black chickens black?

Black chickens with fibromelanosis have a genetic trait that causes excess melanin to accumulate in their tissues. In affected breeds, this can darken the feathers, skin, muscles, bones and internal organs.

What are the rarest black chicken breeds?

The Ayam Cemani from Indonesia and the Swedish Black Hen, also called Svart Höna, are two rare black chicken breeds. Both exhibit fibromelanosis, which gives them their distinctive dark coloration.

Do black chickens lay black eggs?

No. Black chickens do not lay black eggs. Ayam Cemani hens lay cream-colored eggs, and Swedish Black Hens also lay cream-colored eggs. Eggshell color depends on the breed, not on whether a chicken’s feathers are black.

Why are Ayam Cemani chickens so expensive?

Ayam Cemani chickens can be expensive because they are rare, highly sought after for their unusual appearance, and relatively uncommon in the United States. Prices vary by breeder, bird quality and availability. Buyers should research breeders and verify the birds’ origins before investing in a flock.

Black chickens may be an expensive addition to a backyard flock, but breeds such as the Ayam Cemani and Swedish Black Hen offer a glimpse into the diversity of domestic poultry and the efforts to preserve rare breeds.

This article about black chickens was written for Chickens magazine. Click here to subscribe.