Categories
Animals

Rare Meats to Raise

Although you might never have thought of raising some of these animals for meat, they might work perfectly for your farm.

Goat

Goat
Goat meat, also called chevon or cabrito, is a favorite meat in most parts of the world, and it’s catching on in the U.S. as well. Cabrito kids are generally slaughtered and barbequed at a few weeks of age while freezer kids reach processing age at 4 to 5 months. Photo by Rachael Brugger

Catfish

Fish
If you have a pond, why not stock it with fish? Talk to your county extension agent or department of natural resources to see if your pond is suitable for fish farming (not all are). They can also tell you what species work best in your locale and where to buy fingerlings and commercially bagged fish food. Photo Courtesy iStockphoto/Thinkstcok

Pekin Duck

Goose and Duck
Grow a goose or duck to serve at Christmas dinner next year. Geese mature quickly, with goslings reaching slaughter stage (roughly 8 pounds) at 12 to 14 weeks of age. Ducks are also fast maturing and easy to grow. Broiler-fryer ducklings weighing 3 to 6.5 pounds are ready to slaughter at 8 weeks of age and 4- to 7.5-pound roasters shortly after. You don’t need a pond to raise ducks or geese, and they’re fun and entertaining to have around. Photo by Rachael Brugger

Emu

Emu
If you like dark meat and a lot of it, these are your birds. Emu meat is 98-percent fat free and the fat it contains is 43-percent monounsaturated, which helps lower bad LDL cholesterol in the human body. It’s also lower in cholesterol and higher in protein than chicken and is tender, juicy and delicious.
Photo courtesy Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Thinkstock

Guinea Fowl

Guinea Fowl
Guinea fowl meat is dark, lean, extra high in protein, low in fat, and a good source of vitamin B6, selenium and niacin. It has a luscious, slightly gamey flavor that makes it a favorite with European chefs. Photo Courtesy iStockphoto/Thinkstock

Game Birds
Other great choices include farmed pheasants, partridge and quail. They’re low maintenance and oh-so-tasty.

Categories
Beginning Farmers

10 Minutes With Kurt Timmermeister

Author Kurt Timmermeister and cow at Kurtwood Farms

Growing a Farmer: How I Learned to Live off the Land (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011) author Kurt Timmermeister was born in 1962 in the heart of Seattle, nowhere near farm country. Anticipating work in foreign service, he graduated from the American College in Paris with a degree in international affairs. While in Paris, he realized his love of food and restaurants far surpassed his affinity for government work, and he returned to Seattle to begin a career in food service.

A series of restaurant jobs both in the kitchen and dining room motivated him to open his own café at the age of 24. For 18 years, he ran a series of ever-larger Café Septiemes while at the same time beginning his education in small-scale farming.

In 1991, he moved to Vashon Island, Wash., buying land that was to eventually become Kurtwood Farms. The farm began as 4 acres of overgrown blackberry brambles and a canopy of weeds with rusted-out cars and cast-off junk hidden beneath. Little by little, the land was cleared and planted with fruit and nut trees, vegetables and herbs. More land was acquired, pastures were created, and sheep, pigs and cows arrived. By 2003, with his restaurant career behind him, Kurtwood Farms had become his full-time job.

Soon, a professional kitchen was built to process the food grown on the farm and to create a space for friends to gather for dinners. A Grade A dairy was licensed in the newly built dairy buildings, a cow barn was raised and an underground cheese cave was dug deep beneath the cow pasture, all with the goal of producing fine farmstead cheeses.

Kurtwood Farms is now home to a small herd of Jersey cows; a motley crew of sheep; happy, free-rooting pigs; an ever-changing flock of chickens geese and ducks; a guest room and sofa often filled with Seattle’s best cooks; and Timmermeister and his two dogs, Byron and Daisy.

Hobby Farms: When you were writing Growing a Farmer, did you have any idea the book would take off and you would become a voice for small-scale agriculture?

Kurt Timmermeister: I am most flattered if Growing a Farmer has become a voice for small-scale agriculture. The nature of the process of writing a book is that it’s a simple matter of pushing “send” to convey the electronic file to my publisher in New York. It is hard to get a sense from that what effect it will have.

My goal for writing the book was certainly to influence people across the country who want to grow their own food and own their own farms. It was very important to me that Growing a Farmer include three distinct ideas: first, that there are problems in small farms. I had many challenges along the way and was always surprised and intimidated to find that most of the small-ag books out there only have the rosy picture of farming. Second, I wanted to include details on the economics of small-scale farming. I want people to have a clear idea of what is ahead of them in a financial sense if they decide to farm full time. And lastly, I very much wanted details of slaughtering of animals. Eating meat is such a part of our diet, and I wanted even those folks living in the city to know what is involved.

HF: What is the most important piece of advice you can offer to someone just starting out?

KT: The best piece of advice I can give to someone starting out is to not give up. Sounds quite simple, but I wanted to quit many times. I am very glad I kept at it and that I persevered after all these years.

HF: What are the must-have items for beginning cheesemakers?

KT: The must-have items for a beginning cheesemaker include, first off, access to great milk. It is possible to make bad cheese from great milk, but it is impossible to make great cheese from bad milk. I spend a great deal of time and effort here at Kurtwood Farms ensuring that the cows are especially healthy and that the milk is clean, very fresh and healthy.

After great milk, I think what is necessary to making great cheese from the beginning is an attention to detail and the ability to take notes. It is especially easy to forget how a cheese was made a month or 12 months earlier. With proper log notes, it makes it possible to find a problem and correct it.

HF: How are you able to balance all that you do on the farm with your writing?

KT: I am able to balance the farm with writing because I have a very short attention span! I need to constantly be doing different tasks. I milk the cows, then I write for a bit, then I feed the chickens and the pigs, then I come back and write a bit more, and so on throughout the day. If I had to do anything for eight hours, I would go crazy. It is probably the biggest reason I have never worked in an office.

HF: How did you know it was time to leave the restaurant business and make farming your full-time employment?

KT: I chose to leave my restaurant behind and farm full time because I was no longer challenged. I need to be constantly challenged in the work I do. I had owned the restaurants for close to 20 years, and I was very good at it. I had no interest in spending another 20 just doing the same tasks every day. I especially like to be scared. Knowing that I had to make a living by farming got me good and scared and compelled me to work hard and try new things. Writing is my new challenge, as well as working on new cheeses.

HF: Is there anything else you want Hobby Farms readers to know about you and Kurtwood Farms?

KT: I would like the readers of Hobby Farms to know that anything is possible in small-scale agriculture. I believe that small farms located just outside of the cities on a few acres will be an important source of local food in years to come. We simply have to believe that it’s possible.

Categories
Farm Management

Infographic: Aquaculture Pond Construction

If done the right way, freshwater fish farming can be a great value-added opportunity for your hobby farm. To wrap your head around the construction of an aquaculture pond, use the diagram below to jog the pond-construction thought process. Then pick up the November/December 2011 issue of Hobby Farms for more complete information on starting an aquaculture operation with catfish or prawns.

Illustration of aquaculture pond and tips of what to think about when constructing a pond on your hobby farm

 

Categories
Animals

6 Winter Tips for Your Flock

When Old Man Winter moves into town, your chickens are counting on you to help guide them through the season. Luckily, chickens are bred to gradually acclimate to the coming cool weather. In fact, most heavy chicken breeds prefer it to the searing heat of summer. Even so, they’ll need a little help in certain areas to get through without a hitch. Here are six tips for successfully overwintering your flock.

1. Fight Frozen Water

Perhaps the most frustrating (and foreseeable) part of overwintering any livestock is the endless battle against frozen water. Unless you have electricity in your coop or barn, I’m sorry to say that all solutions include a bit of heavy lifting.

One option is to use a heated dog bowl or heated waterer base. It’s easy to install and inexpensive, but there is one catch: You must use a double-walled, galvanized-steel water fount in place of the standard plastic.

If running electricity to your coop is not an option, you may be carrying your weight in water to the flock several times a day. In this case, have two or more waterers ready to alternate by thawing indoors.

“One idea is to fill the waterer with hot water and then drop a chunk of ice (or a good amount of ice cubes) into the water to slowly cool it down over the course of several hours,” recommends Ashley English, chicken keeper and author of the Homemade Living book series.

Whatever method works for you, the important thing is that your chickens have access to fresh water at all times.

2. Protect Combs and Wattles

In a cold spell with below-freezing temperatures, your chickens’ combs and wattles may be susceptible to frostbite. Use petroleum jelly (or olive oil, as a natural alternative) to fight frostbite by applying it to the affected areas. Apply the lubricant when your chickens have gone to roost at night. They may not find it pleasant, but it beats the alternative.

Keep in mind that chicken breeds with large combs and wattles, such as Leghorns and many roosters, are more prone to frostbite. You’ll find that cold-hardy breeds with small combs, such as rose or pea combs, will fare better come winter.

3. Provide a Path in the Snow

If the snow is piling up to a few inches or more, shovel out a path for your chickens. Frostbitten toes or feet can be very painful but are easily avoided by protecting chickens from the snow.

“You don’t want an intrepid flock mate deciding to brave a wall of snow,” English says. “The snow will win, every time.”

4. Heat the Coop—or Not

Some chicken keepers swear by heating the coop during the harshest of winters. While there is a benefit to using a heater or lamp (supplemental light means more winter eggs), consider the safety risk. Heaters plus dry pine shavings or other bedding can quickly become a fire hazard unless properly or professionally installed. Also consider the possibility of power outages and a subsequent drop in temperature. Chickens cannot adapt to a sudden plunge in mercury, and it could spell disaster for your entire flock in one night.

As an alternative, you can allow your chickens to gradually acclimate to the cooler weather during autumn without heat. In the fall, check your coop’s roof to ensure it won’t leak during heavy snows. Protect your chickens from heavy drafts, but be certain there is adequate ventilation in their enclosure. Accumulated moisture during the cold months can lead to frostbite.

Finally, don’t underestimate the effectiveness of insulation in your coop. Your birds will roost together and create a good amount of heat on their own (the equivalent of 10 watts of heat per chicken). All you have to do is help the heat stay there.

5. Give Feed a Boost

Consider supplementing your flock’s diet with cracked corn or scratch.

“The fattiness of the scratch will allow the birds to pack on an extra layer of body fat, which aids them in better combating colder weather,” English says.

That said, scratch and corn are treats and do not contain the complete nutrition your flock needs.

“Continue them on their regular feed, tossing a few handfuls of scratch during evening rounds,” she says.

6. Collect Eggs Often

If you’re one of those poor souls, like me, who makes multiple trips to the chicken coop to change out water, remember to collect eggs each time you go. Because chicken eggs are nearly 75-percent water, they’ll freeze and crack quickly once exposed to the cold air.

Use your judgment when it comes to your flock and your particular setup—what will work for some may not work for others. As always, check your flock daily and look for signs of illness. And once everyone is tucked in, curl up with a hot cup o’ something and enjoy the season.

Categories
News

Mustangs Overpopulated in Wild Need Homes

Woman in a cowboy hat and pink shirt rides a brown Mustang horse on a desert trail
Courtesy Jennifer K.Hancock/ Mustang Heritage Foundation
Jennifer Earnest of Silt, Colo., rides a Mustang named Claude at the Mustang Heritage Foundation’s Navajo Nation Extreme Mustang Makeover in Tsaile, Ariz.

As of February 2011, approximately 33,000 wild horses were living on rangelands managed by the Bureau of Land Management in 10 western states—the ideal management number for this land is 26,600. Add this to the additional horses at BLM holding facilities, and you can see a critical need to place these horses in new homes.

Since 1971, the BLM has adopted out more than 225,000 American Mustangs and burros, according to statistics provided on its website. People cite numerous reasons for wanting to adopt a Mustang through the BLM’s National Wild Horse and Burro Program, such as owning a piece of American history, providing a home for a horse in need and forging a bond with an undomesticated animal.

Mustang can give its new owner all of this and more, granted the match between horse and owner is a good one. Because many Mustangs adopted through BLM programs have never made contact with humans, hobby farmers need to think critically about horse adoption before following through with a decision. Here are some pros and cons to consider regarding Mustang ownership:

  • “[Mustangs] are extremely intelligent because they have had to survive in the wild,” says Davida Carnahan, BLM’s public affairs specialist. “They have very strong legs because of the terrain. They’re very sure-footed.”
  • “Anyone who loves horses, lives in the U.S. and has the proper facilities can adopt an American Mustang, but prior horse experience is also important. Mustangs are very intelligent horses, and inexperienced adopters are more suited to finished horses,” says Jennifer Hancock, marketing director for the Mustang Heritage Foundation, an organization that facilitates Mustang adoptions.
  • Training wild Mustangs takes extra time and patience. “They are quick studies if you have first laid the foundation for mutual trust,” Carnahan says. The MHF has programs that help connect adopters with trainers who have experience working with Mustangs through the Extreme Mustang Makeover events and the Trainer Incentive Program.
  • “I’m told [Mustangs] are extremely loyal,” Carnahan says. “Some of our adopters tell us they have relationships with their horses that they have not had with a domestic horse.”
  • Safely keeping a wild Mustang on your farm is different than keeping a domesticated horse, so your facilities need to be considered. “The [BLM facility] requirements are slightly more relaxed for gentled Mustangs versus wild Mustangs. The requirements are designed for the safety of the Mustangs,” Hancock says. According to the BLM website, Mustangs require a facility with a minimum of 400 square feet of space enclosed with a fence at least 6 feet high, constructed of heavy-duty poles, pipes, planks or small-net woven wire. The Mustang also needs a shelter that has at least two sides and a roof.

Hobby farmers who would like to adopt a wild Mustang from the BLM, must submit an application so the agency can ensure a good owner/horse match. The BLM will review facilities for keeping your new horse and your ability to humanely care for it. One year after adoption, the BLM checks in again to see if things are going well before turning over ownership papers.

If you go through with the decision to adopt a Mustang for your hobby farm, it’s comforting to know you’re not alone in dealing with special challenges of owning a once-wild horse. “There are many people in the Mustang community ready and willing to help new adopters,” Hancock says.

Categories
Crops & Gardening

Happy Potato Accident

Pile of All Blue potato variety
Photo by Jessica Walliser
I accidentally grew All Blue potaotes in the compost bin, and they did better than the ones I purposefully planted in the garden!

I’m secretly hoping for an early frost this year, namely to kill off some of the stink bugs before they make it inside but also to put an end to my weeding misery. We still have an incredible amount of weeds in the flower beds. I’ve been trying my best to keep up, but it simply seems endless. At least if we get a few hard frosts, they will die back and I can cover them with newspaper and some shredded leaves and hopefully forget about them. Haha.

I headed to the garden late last week to dig up the last of the potatoes. They are the All Blue variety, and I got a very nice harvest out of them. I had a bunch of potatoes that we never ate last winter and just decided to plant those rather than buy brand-new seed potatoes. There were enough for about two rows in the veggie garden.

I threw a bunch of rotten and moldy ones into the compost pile this spring, too, thinking that they were too far-gone to sprout. But low and behold, they grew and have produced more potatoes than the ones in the garden did! And they took forever to die back—weeks more than the plants in the veggie patch. I think the extra weeks of being green led them to produce larger tubers, too. Again, they were way better than the ones I planted intentionally.

I’m thinking I’ll probably use the same technique again next year. Why mess with success? I’ll just toss the potatoes on top of the fall-collected leaves in the compost bins, throw the old chicken bedding and nesting straw on top, and wait. Sooo much easier than digging and then hilling them in the garden! 

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Categories
Urban Farming

Cactus Fruit

cactus fruit

Photo courtesy iStockphoto/Thinkstock

Cactus fruits are easy to grow and delicious.

Cactus-fruit harvesting season has just about arrived, so I’ve been checking my equipment . Although there are some fruits available earlier, I think the first little cold snap makes the fruits sweeter, so I usually wait until mid October to start harvesting.

This is one of the crops that I do not have room to grow in my own garden, so I prowl around looking for feral plants from which I can harvest. It’s not rare for people to give me permission to harvest cactus on private property, either. There are a lot of people who don’t consider cactus fruit something they would like to personally handle.

Growing pad cactus, or opuntia, couldn’t be much easier. Opuntias tolerate a bit of cold weather and an occasional snowfall, and will also do well where the winters are very mild, so their geographical range is fairly wide. Almost any piece of a pad that still has a bit of green in it will root pretty easily, and although the plants will tolerate very dry conditions, a opuntia that is well watered and fertilized will grow very quickly, and may reach as high as 10 feet in height within three years. I’ll have to admit that I’ve grown opuntias more frequently as a defensive perimiter plant than as a deliberate food crop, and it’s always been very successful as a green security fence. Like any other cactus, too much hand watering in the winter isn’t appreciated, and over-watered cactus can quickly rot.

Altough all pad cacti will produce fruits, the big, gray-green, almost spineless varieties are the major variety both for cultivation and for feral plants, and these are the ones that produce the biggest and most desirable fruits. I have a small-pad opunzia growing in the garden, and it makes delicious little dark-red fruits, but that little crop pales in comparison to the grand abundance that is the main cactus fruit crop.

There are a few different ways to get rid of the fuzzy little spines on the outside of the fruits. Some people rub them while wearing thick, canvas gloves; commercial growers have spinning machines that use little rubber nubs to rub off the spines. What I usually do is wear soft leather gloves and use a sharp knife to peel away the skin, leaving the non-spine-infested pulp from the center of the fruit. I can clean a fruit in about a minute that way.

Once the spines are gone, some people go further and separate the numerous seeds from the flesh. I do that for my wife, but for myself, I’m happy to crunch the seeds along with the pulp. My favorite cactus-fruit recipes include granola in the morning, or with ice cream for lunch or dinner. Yummy!

Read more of Rick’s Favorite Crops »

Categories
Urban Farming

EPA Opens Comments Period for Proposed Atrazine Ban

spraying pesticides over cotton crops

Photo courtesy of Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Thinkstock

The EPA is taking steps toward banning the popular herbicide atrazine, a known endocrine disruptor.

Spurred by a petition beefed up with more than 60,000 signatures and emails, the EPA opened a Notice of Availability on September 14 for a possible ban on the popular herbicide atrazine. The Notice of Availability seeks public comments on the subject for 60 days.

The chemical — most commonly found in American groundwater and is the second most popular herbicide in the U.S. — was banned in Europe in 2004 because of its harmful properties. Traces of atrazine still remain in France even though it was last used there 15 years ago.

The Switzerland agrochemical company Syngenta produces atrazine and sells 80 million pounds of it to the United States annually. American farmers rely on the pesticide to combat weed growth in their cornsorghum and sugar cane fields, and it is also applied to lawns and golf courses.

But not all of the atrazine stays in the ground. Once sprayed, more than a half million pounds of atrazine are swept up into the wind and come back in the form of rain and snowfall.

Studies done on male frogs have shown that atrazine in concentrations of 2.5 parts per billion disrupts the endocrine system, leading to immunosuppression and hermaphroditism. Among fish, scientists have found that atrazine affects the reproductive process. In humans, findings point to the connection it may have with cancer. The U.S. Geological Survey, the University of California at Berkeley and the University of South Florida have all published reports on the harmful effects of atrazine.

Supporters of nonprofit organizations Save the Frogs, Natural Resources Defense Council and Center for Biological Diversity signed the petition.

“Atrazine is the 21st century’s DDT,” says Save the Frogs Founder and Executive Director Kerry Kriger. The organization’s mission is to defend amphibians, whose extinction rates have been rising at high rates. Save the Frogs contributed 10,000 signatures and is the group behind the request for the EPA’s Notice of Availability. </p.

“Now that we have the EPA’s attention, we are a large step closer towards protecting our food supply, our drinking water and our wildlife from this known endocrine disruptor,” Kriger says.

“However, only a few percent of Americans have ever heard of atrazine, so raising awareness of the issue is critical if we are to overcome the lobbying power of the billion-dollar agro-chemical giants.”

Those who want to comment on this issue must do so by November 14 via the online website, mail or delivered correspondence. Detailed information on the petition can be found on the Federal Register website.

Syngenta, which earned more than $11 billion last year, currently ranks as no. 1 in the list of the world’s biggest pesticide company.

Categories
Urban Farming

Waste Not, Want Not

wilted vegetables

Photo by Judith Hausman

With a little bit of work, vegetables that would have otherwise gone to waste can be transformed into sauces, soups and salads.

Today, as part of my work in our garden coop, I joined my buddies to survey our harvest shelves. When necessary, we stockpile produce in a cool basement where there’s also a fridge for storage. The recent tropical storm had chewed up many crops prematurely, and the ongoing dampness has invited insects and mildew, too. Nonetheless, we have so much that our stored vegetables needed culling.

Oh so sad: slimy okra, oozing tomatoes, wrinkled peppers and spotted green beans. Their glossy, ripe skin was now fit only for compost. It should be a small comfort that they’ll become great soil, but it really gets to me to see waste like that. In fact, we are already re-thinking next year’s crops to minimize waste.

I declared myself the home and mother for the orphaned, wilted vegetables. I just kept saying, “I’ll take it,” when my mates held up a bag of beans that had been picked late and had gotten a little lumpy, a yellow-striped tomato with one side covered with black spots, and a tray of small broccoli florets that had wilted. It became my mission to give these vegetables their moment to shine as a wonderful sauce or to be tucked away in a frozen medley of odds and ends that will taste so good in January.

It isn’t vegetable masochism; I wouldn’t eat a pepper with black fuzz growing inside. I certainly helped myself to our brand-new, quite-delayed eggplants: a squat, striped one; a plump, purple one; and an egg-white one. But if I didn’t take responsibility for the less-than-fresh vegetables we had, they would have sat like a doggie in the window for two or three more days and then become inedible, ending up at the beginning of the long cycle back to becoming food again.

So what do I do with the orphaned vegetables? The easiest thing to do is to cut them up, cook them and freeze them all. This can result in instant minestrone in February, using the packets as a base. This time though, I think I’ll roast a big tray of picked-over mixed peppers. I can then either freeze them as-is, whir them into a chunky sauce or soup base, or pickle them. Cooked, they’ll hold while I decide. There are similar options for the broccoli, but I’ll likely combine some with cooked grain (quinoa? brown rice?) and some cheese for a simple, hippie dinner as well. 

I’ll pickle (more) dilly beans using the volunteer dill heads we have in the garden and the oily garlic cloves we’ve already dried. When I steam the beans and add some chick peas, red peppers and a red onion, they’ll become a two- (or three) bean salad that’s light years better than the ones from the deli. The summer squash that’s getting soft will be grated into moist muffins. I’ll peel and scoop the seeds out of the large cukes, and then salt, drain and rinse them to make a sort of faux Japanese salad with a rice-vinegar dressing.

The tomatoes really need trimming; maybe they’ll become chopped salad to fill the fish tacos I’ve planned for Friday or companions to the gorgeous eggplant in a vaguely Middle Eastern spread or salad.

I can make the marginal vegetables shine, and I love the transformation that a little extra work can yield.

Read more of The Hungry Locavore »

Categories
Equipment

Bagged Tomatoes

Tomato plants covered in bags to protect them from frost damage
Photo by Jim Ruen
I’m trying to squeeze a few more tomatoes of my plants by protecting them from the frost.

You’ve bagged tomatoes in the supermarket, but have you ever bagged tomatoes on the bush? I did this past week when the garden was threatened with an early frost. I was able to cover peppers and raspberry canes with plastic used earlier this year on high tunnels. However, when it came to my 8-foot tall Early Girl tomato, I was stymied.

First, a word about the plant: Never have I had an Early Girl variety tomato plant grow and grow and grow like this one did. It topped the 4-foot tall cage by mid-July. I then wired a second cage top down to the first and drove a 7-foot steel post alongside for support. Within weeks, the aggressive plant had topped the new cage, as well.

The height was matched only by productive output. I picked my first tomato before July even closed its doors. That may not be special for many gardeners, but our tree-shaded garden gets a mere 5 hours of sunlight on the longest day. The past few years, we hardly picked a tomato until late August.

While I had no problems letting other nearly spent tomatoes go, I couldn’t let all the Early Girls left on the mega-vine go to waste. In the corner of the garage was a folded-up plastic bag, but not just any bag. Left over from the purchase of a single-bed mattress earlier this year, it was a full 7 feet long. With the help of a couple of long rods, I managed to slip the bag over the towering bush. Now that the weather has warmed, I’ll be pulling it off again. With any luck, I’ll be picking fresh tomatoes through September and October, too.

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